Truman Capotes Breakfast at Tiffanys Essay - 792 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Truman Capote wrote the novel Breakfast at Tiffanys without a rhyme or a reason. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;He used real life characters possessing different names. It is stated that the narrator just might have been Truman himself during his early years in New York. It is clear that Mr. Capote does not believe in traditional values. He himself did come from a wealthy unorthodox family life. Capotes ideal woman was created in Holly Golightly, also know as Lulamae Barnes before she was married as a child bride to a southerner named Doc Golightly. Other people Capote met in his experiences where also included, such as Mag Wildwood (a cunning southern bell from Arkansas who had stolen away Holly’s would†¦show more content†¦The narrator also tries to help Holly as much as possible by taking care of her one-eyed cat while she was gone and helping her escape from jail. This novel appears to be written for pleasure purposes. At the beginning of the novel the narrator starts by explaining the friendship between Joe Bell, Holly, and himself. Capote keeps the reader on his or her toes by there being arguments that would create conflicts putting a halt to the friendships between the main characters. Such as when Holly travels to Brazil with Mag, Jose` Ybarra-Jaegar, and Rusty Trawler ( Holly’s current boyfriend before Mag had stolen him away and left Holly grateful , but only for awhile, with Jose`) Then, after all was finished, Holly and the narrator would meet and make up over a drink at Joe Bells bar or Hollys apartment room. The whole novel is based around an eccentric friendship. The friendship is still maintained long after Holly’s apparent disappearance from society. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The literary movement in this story is Authentic Modernism. Authentic Modernism is marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques. It is a means for an author to live out his fantasies by writing about them. It also implies a historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, of loss, of despair. It rejects history and its society and traditional values. It prefers the unconscious to the self-conscious. quot; You b-b-boysShow MoreRelatedBreakfast At Tiffany s By Holly Golightly1349 Words   |  6 PagesIn the final moments of the film, Breakfast at Tiffany’s, Holly Golightly asserts that she will not let anyone put her in a cage and that she belongs to nobody. Yet after tossing her beloved feline friend down a New York alleyway and having her dreamy love interest, Paul, give up his pursuit of her, she inconsistently turns on her philosophy, chases after the cat and Paul, and the film closes with clichà © and passionate canoodling in the rain. (Edwards) All is happily ever after. The end. Because Read MoreAll Eyes on Holly Essay example719 Words   |  3 PagesIn Breakfast at Tiffany’s by Truman Capote, Holly Golightly’ s life isn’t directly told from her point of view, but her life is told by various people within the novel; as a result, this causes a difference between storytelling and point of view. Holly’s life is told from three character’s point of view within the novel. The difference between these points of views and storytelling will be revealed in this essay. The narrator tells his experiences with Holly and her weaknesses and strengths fromRead MoreThe Great City Of New York800 Words   |  4 Pagesintroduction of films and theatres the great city of New York has often been depicted as an idyllic place to live, where people go to make their dreams come true. One movie in particular enthral us in its representation of New York City, Breakfast at Tiffany’s based on Truman Capote’s novella brings the glamourous atmosphere of the high society to our door step. Produced in 1961, it also opens a window to the mores of the time. This movie made New York City the place to be to get rich and live free. It actsRead MoreEssay on Elevating the Power of a Novel through Symbolic Objects1635 Words   |  7 Pagesto elevate the power of the text. In Truman Capote’s Breakfast at Tiffany’s and Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar, there are a plethora of symbolic objects that hold a deeper meaning then what appears on the surfa ce. Capote and Plath two diverse authors, fill their novels with a plethora of dynamic objects, such as a bird cage, a bell jar, a mirror, an unnamed cat and a diamond, in order to develop more powerful novels. Breakfast at Tiffany’s, one of Truman Capote’s most renowned works of literature, takesRead MoreIn Cold Blood by Gerald Clarke836 Words   |  3 PagesTruman Capote remains a literary great. His works have been adapted into screenplays and mostly have received critical acclaim. The film ‘Capote’ was aimed to be biographical in nature and focused mainly on the years Truman Capote spent writing the novel ‘In Cold Blood’. The film ‘Capote’ was by directed Bennett Miller after being adapted from a book of the same title, written by Gerald Clarke. It was set in Kansas and starred Seymour Hoffman as Truman Capote and chronicled a six year period in theRead MoreTruman Capote and Postmodernism1398 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Truman Capote, as obsessed with fame and fortune as with penning great words, was a writer who became as well-known for his late-night talk show appearances as for his prose† (Patterson 1). Capote was a litera ry pop star at the height of his fame in 1966, after he had written such classic books as, Other Rooms, Other Voices, Breakfast at Tiffany’s, and In Cold Blood. Postmodernism was a literary period that began after the Second World War and was a rejection of traditional writing techniques. ItRead MoreEssay on breakfast at tiffanys948 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Thesis Statement- in Truman Capote’s Breakfast at Tiffany’s, the psychological struggle between the need for stability and the desire for freedom is perhaps the central concern of  Breakfast at Tiffanys.   I. Topic sentence: In the 1950’s, women were expected to stay at home and play the role of a commercial wife. Meaning that they did not maintain jobs, males came home to dinner already set, and the house was always spotless. Holly had a different vision for herself. She did not want to be theRead MoreTruman Capote Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesThe short stories of Truman Capote are connected to his childhood experiences in Alabama. Truman capote was an American born writer who wrote non- fiction, short stories, novels and plays. All of his literary works have been perceived as literary classics. The tones of some of his stories are slightly gothic. His most famous short story is Children on Their Birthdays. His work shows the occasional over writing, the twilit Gothic subject matter, and the masochistic uses of horror traditional in theRead MoreTruman Capote s Cold Blood1620 Words   |  7 PagesTruman Capote is recognized by many for being a screenwriter, creating a plethora of short stories, and famously for his notable work-- Breakfast at Tiffany’s. Not only was this novel popular back in the 1950’s, Capote released a later novel that drew in many fans-- In Cold Blood. The very formation of Capote s novels and short stories seems to be increasingly insufficient to the eccentric dynamics of the time era (nytimes). Agonizing, horrible, surfeited with disasters -- all used to describeRead MoreTruman Capote Helped Shape Journalism by Giving it an Edge554 Words   |  2 Pages â€Å"All literature is gossip†, it was quotes like this that made Truman Capote the writer he was. A truly outstanding and well known journalist that was anything but boring. Known for being controversial and colorful, Truman would be remembered for years to come. Truman Capote was born September, 30, 1924 in New Orleans, Louisiana. Throughout his time he was known for his writing in America. What interests me the most about Truman Capote is the fact that his struggled as a child and that struggle was

Soviet Relations Between The Soviets And The United States

Soviet Relations Rivalries exist between nations based on political and philosophical differences, the dynamic between the soviets and the United States was tense because of their ability to foil one another in these aspects. Conflicts between the Soviets and the Americans dates back much further than the Second World War . The American foreign policy prior to World War 2 was based upon the theory of isolationism. Communism was one of the main factors in changing the American foreign policy to one that was much more inclusive. The US felt that they could not afford to be isolationists any longer because of the growing fear of the Soviets and the spread of communism . In 1939, the Soviet Union began to invade Poland and other Baltic†¦show more content†¦As you can imagine the Americans and the Soviets were bound to be against one another, their core beliefs and political systems were predicated on the failure of the latter. The first of these American policies was established soon after Pe arl Harbor, when Roosevelt agreed with General Marshall that â€Å"international political considerations should defer to military requirements as long as the war lasted† . The second policy, emerging in 1943, was that everything possible must be done to win the confidence of Stalin and his associates . The latter part of the foreign policy was soon dropped because of the growing suspicion of the Soviets at the aforementioned Yalta conference . The pre-determined conflict with the Soviets and the United States was integral in the decision to drop the atomic bombs. As previously stated, America felt very threatened by the European superpower that was the Soviet Union. It would have been unrealistic at the time for either of the sides to fight against each other after just recently undergoing World War 2 . The next best thing was to drop the bomb, and in the process show the Soviet Union that America had the means available to easily decimate cities. This show of strength was necessary in keeping the Soviets at bay for some time, as they planned how to counteract the introduction of the nuclear bomb. It gave America the necessary time to

The wave free essay sample

EIntroduction: Morton Rhue’s the wave is a novel based on the true events of Ron Jones, in 1969. The main character is Ben Ross a history teacher who wants his students to realize the importance of democracy and individual conscience in the face of mass, manipulation and indoctrination. He first shows the students a video on the Nazi camps and what happened to the Jews that were forced to live there. Allot of the students became uncomfortable after watching the film. Mr. Ross then conducts an experiment to mirror the propaganda and dictatorship of Hitler; Hitler uses primary psychological controls such as symbols, salutes and slogans to brain wash people in to following his cause. Ben Ross also uses these methods he asks the class to decide on a name for the group, they go with the wave because they refer to the group as a wave, the reason most people in the class join is so they feel normal and aren’t excluded anymore for example Robert billings was a loser, and in the shadow of his older brother who majored in medicine while Robert is in the wave he dose not worry about what people thought and becomes part of the wave and dose what ever he can to keep it that way. We will write a custom essay sample on The wave or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Further into the book we discover there is a darker side to the wave movement, as the wave starts to take in more people and becomes unstable, people start to turn evil, the wave even brings out the darker side to David, who attacks Laurie over an argument about the wave. The rest of the school are over whelmed by the power of the wave unit and join the wave. All except Laurie, Alex and Carl who are the publishers of the grape vine which can be represented as the few people that still want democracy in the school but are being threatened and become paranoid. The darker aspects of human nature can be shown through the characters in the novel the best example of this would be Robert billings a boy who wasn’t associated with any person in the school, people made fun of him, you even fell sympathetic for him in the beginning then Ben Ross introduces the wave it quickly goes down hill, he gets super involved in the wave and threatens Laurie behind her back because she disapproves of the wave and talks badly about it, the narrator even suggests that he stalks Laurie after the school hours also that he had something to do with the spray painting of enemy on her locker We have to assume that this didnt all appear out of nowhere. Robert has some seriously bad ideas going on in his head that were probably in there before the Wave even existed. At the same time, his tears at the end of the novel suggest that hes a sensitive, vulnerable young man who is simply struggling to belong. Once again, weve got a problematic character. The Wave free essay sample Was Mr.. Ross right or wrong in manipulating his students as he did? Defend your answer. Mr.. Ross was wrong in manipulating his students. I believe that because his manipulation caused many things to go wrong and many people got hurt with it too. When he finally ended in what he had done, it affected all the Wave members greatly in which many students like Robert might have done something to his life if the movie continued on or so I think.Many people were even getting hurt when stood up to the Wave like Laurie. Laurie knew that it was leading the wrong way ND so she tried her best to stop but the only person who could actually stop this whole gang is the creator of it. This was not the only way Laurels question could have been answered. The need of doing this experiment was not really necessary because Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on The Wave or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . Ross knew where this experiment will lead if it was successful and it actually was.So by giving the students a sense of a gang going successful without any extreme work, the students can create their own anytime if they have wanted to. Which could have soon become very disastrous because, Mr.. Ross stopped the gang he created just because he understood how it was hurting others and where it was leading the students, but what if the creator of the new gang wont understand that?So there are actually many things to think about when dealing with creating a gang and manipulating a bunch of people. Now remember, this happened In the past and It worked and so this could have happened then and it was working until It got stopped. So by this creation many people got hurt, skipped their classes which lowered their marks, and people who wanted to stand up couldnt because they got scared. So If by stopping this was a good Idea, then by creating this was a bad Idea.

Print Media Essay Sample free essay sample

Today. a intelligence point is dispatched in a flash of oculus from one corner to another corner of the universe. Before the innovation of publishing imperativeness. newspaper was published in a hand-written signifier. but today. no newspaper or media organisation can believe of the non-existence of computing machine in its entity. Computer is considered a critical portion of media industry now. Print. broadcast. electronic and advertisement. all communicating mediums taking full advantage of this new innovation of the century By the center of the nineteenth century. newspapers were going the primary agencies of circulating and having information. Between 1890 to 1920. the period known as the â€Å"golden age† of print media. media barons such as William Randolph Hearst. Joseph Pulitzer. and Lord Northcliffe built immense publication imperiums. These work forces had tremendous influence within the media industry. and gained ill fame for the ways in which they wielded their pow er. The newspapers in late ninetiess. We will write a custom essay sample on Print Media Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page started offering their contents on the cyberspace in a record figure. Air Combat Command to INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS VOL 4. NO 3 pg no526Changing Tendencies in Print Media of PakistanMuhammad NasirDepartment of Communication A ; Media StudiesSarhad University of Science A ; Information TechnologyPeshawar-Pakistan Influence of electronic mediaIn the last 50 old ages the media influence has grown significantly with the progress of engineering. foremost there was the telegraph. so the wireless. the newspaper. magazines. telecasting and now the cyberspace. We live in a society that depe The electronic media has touched every domain of the human facet. In the present times. information and engineering are interwoven with the society’s economic advancement. The development of electronic media has had an overpowering impact on the society. The Opportunities of communicating have broken all barriers across national boundaries and have led to the sprouting of new thoughts through the cross pollenation of civilizations. Electronic information has had a positive impact in the publicity of assorted societal governments. Positive impact of electronic mediaThe electronic media direct societal alteration and values. The electronic media may be successful in exciting the alteration in the tightly held thoughts and stiff attitudes to convey coveted alteration. The media can give way to societal alteration. and positively steer the society towards the coveted ends Growth of electronic media in PakistanThe electronic media in Pakistan has made rapid advancement. Merely three or four decennaries ago. wireless and province owned Television was considered to be the chief beginnings of information. Today. we have more than 77 Satellite Television Channels. 2346 overseas telegram operators. 28 landing Television Channelss from abroad like BBC. CNN. Sky. Star etc. and more than 129 FM Stations ( on air and in some instances licenses issued ) including 46 Radio Channels. The investing this twelvemonth is expected US $ 1. 5 billion. Entire investing in this sector is US $ 2. 5 billion. The new occupations likely to be created are 150000. The indirect employment is 7 million. The advertizement market in 2008 was US $ 431 Million and in 2009 it was estimated as US $ 691 million. This growing has made available more cognition and up to day of the month information in all domains of life to the general populace. Television started its trial transmittals in 1964. Pakistan Television Corporation was incorporated as a joint stock company in 1967 and in 1984 it was converted into a corporation under the Companies Ordinance. PTV has been a great beginning of amusement. Television has besides efficaciously disseminated information on a assortment of topics to its viewing audiences.

Essay on Ecosystems Water and Illinois River

Essay on Ecosystems Water and Illinois River Essay on Ecosystems: Water and Illinois River A favorite natural ecosystem of mine in my local area is the Illinois River. The Illinois River is used for a lot of different things in the community. The Illinois River is a huge tourist attraction for river rafting, canoeing, and camping. I know this first hand because I drowned while river rafting this summer. The river also provides local farmers with rich moist soil. That is why the Tahlequah farmers market is thriving each season. Another very common use for the river is for septic systems. The main function of a river is to transport water from head waters to the ocean. The natural process is never ending the hydrologic cycle returns river run off to the sea. For surface water the cycle lasts 11 days (all surface water is replaced every 11 days). Rivers provide a source of fresh water that is replenish able within a short time frame. Rivers carry a different source of water though. The Illinois River carries liquid water but it also carries some solids. Suspended solids (se diments) are small solid particles which remain in suspension in water as a colloid. The other main solid the Illinois River carries are dissolved solids (mostly salts). This is repetitive but rivers carry these solids to the ocean it is any rivers main role. The Illinois River has a dissolved salt content ranging from as low as 50 parts per million (ppm) near the head waters to as much as 1000 ppm in the lower reaches. The amount changes every year depending on Oklahoma weather. In the summer it is normal for Oklahoma temperatures to range from 98 degrees to 105 degrees. This causes the Illinois River to produce a lot of salt this is because it is released from all the waste in the river. The Illinois River doesn't have horrible waste compared to a lot of rivers like the Mississippi River. But I have definitely witnessed people just pouring cans of beer in the river. In Oklahoma there is a lot of irrigation this produces salt. The crops evapotranspire a huge amount of water. The cr ops release good and not so good nutrients from the underlying soil and rock. The Illinois river has suffered a lot of damage from irrigation, heat, and tourists. Since Oklahoma is very protective of our natural ecosystems laws have been put in place to protect the Illinois River. The only changes that occur on the river are usually natural (like salinity levels, wild life, drought, or flooding) because the laws put in place prohibit people from even littering in the river. Also, a lot of people volunteer to clean the river up. The Illinois River is a pretty clean river in a lot of parts the water is not muggy at all you can see to the bottom. There is not a lot of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the Illinois River. The total amount of

Hydromorphone Essays

Hydromorphone Essays Hydromorphone Essay Hydromorphone Essay The name of the drug is called Hydromorphone. The systematic name ( IUPAC ) is 4,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-17-methylmor-phinan-6-one. Hydromorphone hydrochloride has a chemical expression of C17H19NO3. There are four functional groups in Hydromorphone hydrochloride: An Ether group A Ketone group An Amine group ( third ) A Phenol group Stereochemistry and conformation: Hydromorphone hydrochloride has 4 chiral Centres ( Four different groups attached to a sp3 hybridised C one chiral Centre ) . Therefore it has 24 = 16 stereoisomers. Carbon figure 1 has R-configuration Carbon figure 2 has R-configuration Carbon figure 3 has S-configuration Carbon figure 4 has R-configuration Hydromorphone hydrochloride is a semi-rigid molecule because it is composed of a five-member ring system: the phenolic ring ( A ) , the cyclohexane ring ( B ) , the cyclohexanone ring ( C ) , the N-methyl piperidine ring ( D ) , and the tetrahydrofuran ring ( E ) . The molecule has a T form. Ring A, B and E form a perpendicular plane where the C and D form the horizontal plane. Ringing C exists in a chair conformation due to impregnation of C-C two-base hit between C7 and 8. Ringing D besides exists in chair conformation. Synthesis: Commercially, Hydromorphone is made from morphine via either direct rearrangement ( reflux alky or acidic aqueous solution of morphia with Pt or Pd accelerator ) or decrease of morphia via catalytic hydrogenation, this two reactions both produce Dihydromorphine. The Dihydromorphine so undergo Oppenauer oxidization, where it is oxidised with benzophenone in the presence of K tert butoxide or aluminum tert butoxide to organize Hydromorphone. Drug stableness: The half life of Hydromorphone is 2.6hours through unwritten path, where it takes 18.6 hours for sustained release Palladone. Hydromorphone hydrochloride is affected by visible radiation, although Dilaudid hydrochloride injection may develop a little xanthous stain, this alteration does non bespeak loss of authority. Hydromorphone hydrochloride injection should be protected from visible radiation and stored at a controlled room temperature of 25 grades C, but can be exposed to temperatures runing from 15 to30 grades C ; freeze of the injection should be avoided. Hydromorphone hydrochloride tablets should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers, normally at 15 to30 grades C ; nevertheless, the maker recommends that the 8-mg tablets be stored at 15 to 25 grades C. Hydromorphone hydrochloride unwritten solution should be stored in light-resistant containers at 15 to 25 grades C, and suppositories of the drug should be stored at 2 to 8 grades C. Hydromorphone hydrochloride injection reportedly is physically and chemically stable for at least 24 hours in most common IV extract solutions when protected from visible radiation at 25 grades C. Hydromorphone is somewhat soluble in H2O, freely soluble in intoxicant and really soluble in trichloromethane. Formulation and packaging: In the U.K. Hydromorphone is merely available in signifier of unwritten capsules and modified release capsules, which means it is released easy to widen the length of the drug s consequence. Available strengths for Dilaudid hydrochloride ( Palladone A ; reg ; ) : 1.3mg ( orange/clear ) , net monetary value 56-capsules battalion = A ; lb ; 8.82 ; 2.6mg ( red/clear ) , 56- capsules pack = A ; lb ; 17.64. Where for the modified ( let go of Palladone A ; reg ; SR ) : m/r, Dilaudid hydrochloride 2mg ( yellow/clear ) , net monetary value 56- capsules pack = A ; lb ; 20.98 ; 4mg ( pale blue/clear ) , 56- capsules pack = A ; lb ; 28.75 ; 8mg ( pink/clear ) , 56- capsules pack = A ; lb ; 56.08 ; 16mg ( brown/clear ) , 56- capsules pack = A ; lb ; 106.53 ; 24mg ( dark blue/clear ) , 56-cap battalion = A ; lb ; 159.82. [ BNF 56 page 235-236 ] . Lipinski s Rules: The molecular weight of Hydromorphone is 285 g/mol. ( below 500 ) The Log P of Hydromorphone is +1.69. ( lower than +5 ) There is merely one H bond donating group, which is the hydroxyl group in Phenol. ( less than 5 groups ) here are merely three H bond accepting groups. ( less than 10 groups ) The functional groups are by and large stable to metabolism, i.e. hydrolysis and oxidizations. Harmonizing to the Lipinski s regulations of five , Hydromorphone is an orally active drug. LogP and treatment of hydrophobic/hydrophilic belongingss: It is possible to foretell the Log P of a molecule by utilizing the Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Values ( p Values ) for organic fragments. This gives ( +0.5 x 11 ) + ( +2 x 1 ) + ( -1 X 3 ) + ( -1 X1 ) = +3.5. Therefore, the Predicted LogP = +3.5. Since 3.5 is greater than 0.5, Dilaudid is indissoluble in H2O. ( Soluble in H2O if smaller than 0.5 ) Harmonizing to the predicted LogP, Hydromorphone is a really hydrophobic ( lipotropic ) drug and it can go through through the membrane beds in cell and enter the blood stream ( high soaking up ) . Hydromorphone hydrochloride is indissoluble in H2O because of its non-polar groups. They are: The long aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, i.e. cyclohexanes and the phenyl group. These non-polar groups will non interact with polar H2O molecules as they can non organize H bonds together and hence indissoluble. pKa and ionization province: Hydromorphone hydrochloride has a pKa of 8.2 at 20 grades C [ Medicine Complete ] , it is decrepit acidic. To cipher the per centum of ionisation of Hydromorphone ( weak acid ) at different pH, Equation 1 can be used: Equation 1 % ionisation= 1001+antilog ( pKa-pH ) At pH 2: % ionisation = 1001+antilog ( 8.2-2 ) = 6.31 ten 10-5 % At pH 7.4: % ionisation = 1001+antilog ( 8.2-7.4 ) = 13.7 % At pH 10: % ionisation = 1001+antilog ( 8.2-10 ) = 98.4 % From the computations on the old page, I can reason that merely 6.31 ten 10-5 % of Dilaudid is ionized at pH 2, i.e. in the tummy. Therefore, there are 100 % 6.31 ten 10-5 % = 99.9999 % of nonionized Hydromorphone which can go through through the membrane barrier and enter the blood stream. Hydromorphone is extremely absorbed by the organic structure in tummy. Mode of action: Hydromorphone is an opioid anodyne ; it reacts with the opioid mu-receptors. The mu-receptors are discretely distributed in the human encephalon with high denseness in the posterior amygdaloid nucleus, hypothalamus, thalamus, nucleus caudatus, putamen, and certain cortical countries. These receptors are besides found in the spinal cord and GI piece of land. It binds onto the mu-receptors and exerts its principle pharmacological consequence on the Central Nervous System and GI piece of land to bring forth analgesia and sedation. Hydromorphone is extremely absorbed by the human organic structure and it shows the analgesia consequence really rapidly one time enter the organic structure. It is 8 to 10 times stronger than morphia due to its hydrophobicity ( really lipophilic ) . Bibliography: Samuel, B. , Stanley, G. , Robert, R. ( 2004 ) , Process for the Synthesis of Hydromorphone, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp? WO=2006005112 A ; IA=AU2005001002 A ; DISPLAY=DESC, Date accessed 23/04/10. Author unknown. ( Date unknown ) , One-pot Isomerization of Morphine to Dihydromorphinone ( Hydromorphone ) , hypertext transfer protocol: //www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/dihydromorphinones.html, Date accessed 23/04/10. Author unknown. ( 2006 ) , Hydromorphone, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patient.co.uk/medicine/Hydromorphone.htm, Date accessed 23/04/10. Hildebrand, K. , Elsberry, D. , Anderson, V. ( 2001 ) , Stability and Compatibility of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride in an Implantable Infusion System , Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 22 ( 6 ) , Page 1042-1047. Author unknown. ( 2010 ) , Hydromorphone Suppository, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugs.com/cdi/hydromorphone-suppository.html, Date accessed 24/04/10 Lipinski, C. ( 2004 ) , Lipinski s rule-of-five, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bioscreening.com/reference/lipinski_rule.htm, Date accessed 24/04/10. Author unknown. ( 2009 ) , Showing drug card for Hydromorphone ( DB00327 ) , hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00327, Date accessed 24/04/10. Clarkes. ( 2006 ) , Clarke s Analysis of Drugs and Poisons Hydromorphone hydrochloride, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/clarke/2009/CLK0851.htm, Date accessed 24/04/10. Author unknown. ( 2008 ) , Monograph Hydromorphone Hydrochloride, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medscape.com/druginfo/monograph? cid=med A ; drugid=11338 A ; drugname=Hydromorphone+Rect A ; monotype=monograph A ; print=1, Date accessed 24/04/10. BMJ Group, . ( 2008 ) . British National Formulary 56, London, RPS Publishing. Bruice, P, . ( 2004 ) . Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall, Pearson. Lo, K, . ( 1998 ) Synthesis of N- Phenethylnorhydromorphone, hypertext transfer protocol: //circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/11862/ubc_2001-0456.pdf ; jsessionid=8D12F28D380E801AE9A422C0F9CD3435? sequence=1, Date accessed 26/04/10

Influenza Pandemic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Influenza Pandemic - Essay Example The research explained how the next influenza pandemic may arise and its possible outcome. This paper also discussed the history of Influenza happened in the year 1918, 1957, and 1968. Moreover this research used pictures and tables for effective illustrations of significant information. An influenza pandemic is a universal outbreak of flu disease that takes place when a new type of influenza virus appears that people have not been exposed to before (Kilbourne ED. 1975). According to Kilbourne ED. (1975) that pandemic flu is a worldwide outbreak of disease that takes place as soon as a new influenza virus appears in humans, causes serious illness and then spreads effortlessly from person to person worldwide. There are three types of influenza. Influenza A, B and C viruses are known to cause disease in humans. While influenza B and C viruses are strictly human pathogens, influenza Type A viruses are readily isolated from avian species, pigs and other animals. Influenza Type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on differences in the surface glycoprotein antigens, hem agglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). There are 14 known HA subtypes and 9 known NA subtypes. All of these subtypes have been isolated in birds but only 3 different HA and two different NA subtypes have been isolated in humans (See table bellow) The influenza viruses are only one of its kinds amongst the respiratory viruses in that they undergo major antigenic variation (Stuart-Harris C. 1979). Antigenic drift entails minor antigen changes from one season to the next and may result in epidemic spread of the new strain. Antigenic shift entails major antigenic changes of the HA and NA molecules and happens merely with Influenza A viruses. These changes can result in the appearance of pandemic viruses. In accordance with Stuart-Harris C. (1979) three worldwide outbreaks of influenza occurred in the 20th century: in 1918, 1957, and 1968. Of these, the 1918 Spanish Flu was the most severe, with 50 million or more deaths worldwide. The last 2 were in the era of modern virology and most thoroughly characterized. All 3 have been unofficially identified by the presumed sites of origin as Spanish, Asian, and Hong Kong influenza, respectively. According to Stuart-Harris C. (1979) they are now identified to represent 3 various antigenic subtypes of influenza Type A virus: H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2, respectively. Not classified as true pandemics are 3 prominent epidemics: a pseudo pandemic in 1947 with low death rates, an epidemic in 1977 that was a pandemic in children, and an abortive epidemic of swine influenza in 1976 that was feared to have pandemic potential. Major influenza epidemics show no predictable periodicity or pattern, and all differ from one another. Evidence implies that true pan demics with changes in hem agglutinin subtypes take place from genetic reassortment with animal influenza Type A viruses. No one can foresee when a pandemic might take place, but public health experts think it is only a matter of time before the next one arises. Experts all over the world are watching the H5N1 avian flu condition in Asia very severely and are preparing for the probability that the virus may start to spread more easily and broadly from person to person. If this happens, the next